Japan in Their Own Words (JITOW)/日本からの意見

Do Japan and America Share the Same Values as Our Governments Say We Do? Observations on the U.S. Presidential Campaign
NISHIMURA Mutsuyoshi / Former Ambassador for Global Environment

March 23, 2012
Japan and America may share values such as democracy, rule of law, freedom of expression and protection of human rights. But do we share the same national mentality? If the Japanese people knew what is being debated among Americans in this year's presidential elections, they would realize just how different our two countries are. Furthermore, Americans are divided over almost all the issues. According to a U.S. scholar, the extent of ideological divergence is the greatest in the past 120 years, and this is due to the Conservatives' moving even further to the right. (Steven Rattner; “Republican Extremism, Bad Economics”; NYT Op-Ed, August 15, 2011) Right-leaning conservatives are attacking the systems and principles that lie at the very foundation of the country. They are calling on the government to stop collecting taxes that support the disadvantaged, to avoid budget deficits even for the purpose of stimulating the economy and to make investment returns and inheritances tax-free.

Deep down inside, Americans have always felt a fundamental sense of aversion toward government. "Freedom" and "independence" pertain to individuals, and as such, "work should not be relegated to the state." We know from experience that government and large organizations are apt to fail, so they should have no business meddling with us. The state is neither an ethical entity nor is it an object that draws emotions such as love or hate. These are some common American views.

Such thinking is unfamiliar in Japan. The Japanese feel a strong sense of belonging to the state or group, and feelings such as patriotism is directed toward the state. Companies thrive on the fodder of employee loyalty. People live each day by sensing by intuition the "air" that hangs between one another. The government is obliged to take responsibility for everything and to rescue the disadvantaged. This is the general mindset of the Japanese. There is little similarity between this and the American values.

Most Japanese are unaware of a writer who has had the greatest influence on Americans after the Bible. Her name is Ayn Rand (1905-1982). In 1991, the Library of Congress called her "21th century America's second-most influential writer after the Bible." And in 1998, when Random House/Modern Library conducted a survey on the "best 100 novels of the 20th century" her books were ranked first and second by general readers. Even more amazing was the fact that her two other works were also found among the top 10.

What does she have to say? The message that comes through in her voluminous works can be summed up as follows. Human beings are rational decision makers, and to dodge that responsibility by entrusting decisions to a group is an immoral act that defiles one's sense of value and ability. We must therefore affirm individualism and egotism, and deny collectivism. Altruism, which praises service for others and self-sacrifice, must also be denied because it puts the collective will before individual free will. In other words, there is little point in a life where one's actions are constantly being dictated by relationships with others. We should hold fast to our morals and live a self-centered life to achieve our ideals. Such is the philosophy that exerts the greatest influence on the American people after the Bible. And thanks to such thinking, those who deny the role of the group – be it the state or government – have been able to keep their torch ablaze.

Naturally, the liberal camp is equally vehement in their opposition. Keep the state's involvement at a minimum? No way! The government should provide its people with equal opportunities, a good education, more employment and new infrastructure, and give hope. Growth must be maintained even at the risk of running a budget deficit to realize social justice. Liberals are no less enthusiastic in their demands.

In reality, the gap between the rich and poor has widened, and the seriousness of the situation has been highlighted by the "Occupy Wall Street" movement. The degree of capital accumulation that looms in the background far exceeds the Japanese imagination. One researcher estimated that the value of assets held by the Rockefellers in the 1840s amounted to 90 times the present asset value of Bill Gates, while the Vanderbilts had assets amounting to 970 times more. (HIROSE Takashi: "Rulers of the American Economy") Compared to such wealth, even the richest Japanese millionaire would be a mere ant trying to climb the Empire State Building. This is part of the value system that continues to move America to this date. As a fellow practitioner of capitalism, the Japanese should be more conversant on these things.

Then again, Japanese and Americans have much in common as well. Townsend Harris, who lived in Japan at the end of the Shogun's era as the first U.S. Consul General, commented that he found in Japan a “kingdom of honesty and simplicity.” There are many Americans who are full of friendship and generosity, both present and past. And they have left a strong impression on many a Japanese. No doubt, most Japanese will be moved by the episode of a host mother in rural Iowa introduced by Thomas L. Friedman.

...An Indonesian Minister of Education once told me that when he first came to rural Iowa as a high school student, he was "about the only Muslim within five hundred miles"” His host mom, he said, got up with him each morning so that he would be sure to say his prayers. "It taught me that even Americans who might never visit my country respect other religions and cultures." And I doubt the mom ever forgot the experience either, since it meant rising between three and four in the morning ... (Excerpt from Thomas L. Friedman; "Longitudes and Attitudes")

I sincerely believe that most Americans continue to show respect for foreign cultures and to serve others, just like that host mother in Iowa. However, it is also true that America is a country that sustains its vitality amid a boxing match between opposing opinions. It is impossible for the peoples of Japan and America to share the same values, and nor should that be the case. Japan nevertheless needs to understand the nature of the boxing match that goes on in America, particularly at a time when the greatest ideological divergence in its 120 year history is threatening to split the country.

The writer is Japan's former Ambassador for Global Environment.
The English-Speaking Union of Japan




政府は日本とアメリカは価値観が同じだと云う…しかし本当か? 2012年の米国の大統領選挙
西村 六善 / 元地球環境大使

2012年 3月 23日
確かに日本と米国は民主主義、法の支配、言論の自由、人権擁護などの価値を共有している。 しかし国民の意識ではどうか? 例えば今回の大統領選挙で米国人が議論していることを日本人が知れば、我々は相当違った国民だと分かるだろう。しかも、あらゆることでアメリカ人は分裂している。米国の学者によれば今の思想的分裂は過去120年間で最大のものであるらしい。そしてそれは保守党が更に右傾化した為だと云う。(NYT OP-ED "Republican Extremism, Bad Economics" By STEVEN RATTNER, August 15, 2011) 右傾化した保守層は米国の根幹的制度や原則を攻撃している。国は弱者支援の為の徴税は止めろ…景気刺激の為であれ予算を赤字にするな。投資利益や遺産を非課税にしろ…と。

更にもっと深層的には多くのアメリカ人は元来政府に対して根源的な反感を持っている。「自由」「独立」とは個人のことを云っているのだ…だから元々「国に仕事を任せる」積りはない…経験的にも政府や大きな組織は失敗するのだから始めから余計なことをさせるべきでない。国は道義的存在でもなければ情緒的愛憎の対象でもない…

こう云う思想は日本では馴染みがない。日本人は国や組織への帰属意識が強く、国は愛国心などの心情の対象物だ。会社も愛社精神の秣の中で儲けている。人々はいつも他人との間の空気を読んで生きている….政府は万事に責任を持ち、弱者を救って当然だ…日本人は概ねこう云う考えでいる…何処に価値観の相似性があるのか?

多くの日本人はアメリカで聖書の次に影響力を与えた小説家のことを知らないだろう。それはアイン・ランド(Ayn Rand, 1905―1982)だ。1991年アメリカ議会図書館は彼女を「20世紀アメリカで聖書の次に影響力を持った作家」と評した。また、1998年のランダムハウス/モダン・ライブラリーのアメリカの一般読者が選んだ「20世紀の小説ベスト100選」の第1位と第2位は彼女の作品だった。更に驚くべきことにベストテンには他の2作品も入っていた。

彼女は一体何を論じているのか? 長大な作品の中で彼女は結局こう云っている…人間は自分の理性で意思決定しているのであって、その作業から逃げて、集団による決定に身を委ねることは不道徳であり自分の価値と能力を冒涜するものだ。だから個人主義(individualism)と自己中心主義(egotism)は肯定されるべきで集団主義(collectivism)は否定されなければならない…他人への奉仕とか自己犠牲を称賛する利他主義(altruism)も否定される。何故ならそれは個人の自由意志より集団の意向を優先させるからだ…要するに、他人との関係に汲々として生きる人生は殆んど価値がない…自分の道徳性を保持し、自分の理想の為に自己中心的に生きるべきだ…これがアメリカ人に聖書に次いで影響力をもった思想である。こう云う思想が今日でも集団(国家とか政府)の役割を否定する人々に松明を強く燃やし続けている。 

当然リベラル派の反論も激しいものがある。国は余計な仕事をするな? とんでもない…国は平等な機会、良い教育、良い医療、増える雇用、新しいインフラ、それに希望を与えるべきだ…財政は多少の赤字を出しても成長を維持し、社会的公平を実現しなければならない…こう云う声は決して弱くない。

実際、貧富の差は激しくなり、その酷さは「ウオール街占拠」に明らかだ。この背後にある膨大な資本集積の度合いは日本人の想像をはるかに超えたすざまじい規模だ。ある研究では1840年当時のロックフェラーの資産の評価額はビル・ゲイツの現資産の90倍、ヴァンダービルドに至っては970倍だったとしている(広瀬隆著「アメリカの経済支配者たち」)。どんな日本の大富豪でもエンパイア・ステート・ビルに取り付く蟻の一匹と云った程度だ。これが今日でもあの国を動かしている一つの価値観だ。同じ資本主義実践者として日本人は例えばこう云うことをよく知っておくべきだ。

しかし、同時に両国の国民には響き合うところも多い。初代米国領事のハリスは幕末の日本で暮らして「正直と純朴の王国を見た」と述べた。友情に満ち肩幅が広いアメリカ人も沢山いる。昔も今も…それに強く印象づけられた日本人も多い。また、多くの日本人はトーマス・フリードマンが紹介しているアイオワの片田舎のホスト・マザーの挿話に心動かされるだろう。

…以前、インドネシア教育相がこう語っていた。高校生として初めてアイオワ州の田舎で勉強していた時、500マイル四方イスラム教徒は自分一人だった。そしてイスラム教徒として毎朝の礼拝をするとき、ホスト・マザーは何時も一緒に起きて何くれとなく面倒を見てくれた。自分はその時、インドネシアを知りもしないアメリカ人が他の宗教や文化を尊重するその親切さに忘れられない感銘を受けた。多分ホスト・マザーもあの経験は忘れがたいものだったと思う…何故なら彼女は毎朝3時から4時頃起きてくれたのだから…
("Longitudes and Attitudes" by Thomas L. Friedmanより)

多くのアメリカ人はアイオワのホスト・マザーのように異文化への敬意と他人への奉仕を続けていると信ずる…しかし、アメリカのような国は対立する価値観の殴り合いの中で生命力を維持している。日本人とアメリカ人の価値観が同じになるようなことはあり得ないし、そうなるべきでもない。必要なことはどんな殴り合いが起きているかをよく知ることだ…120年この方なかったような分裂があの国を引き裂こうとしているなら尚更だ。

(筆者は元地球環境大使。)
一般社団法人 日本英語交流連盟


English Speaking Union of Japan > Japan in Their Own Words (JITOW) > Do Japan and America Share the Same Values as Our Governments Say We Do? Observations on the U.S. Presidential Campaign